Black History 365 | # 157 Booker T. Washington

Booker T. Washington was one of the most powerful African Americans at the turn of the twentieth century. Born a slave in Hale's Ford, Virginia, the son of a white man who did not acknowledge him and a slave woman named Jane (Burroughs) who later married a fellow slave, Booker T. Washington became a leader in black education, and a strong influence as a racial representative in national politics. He founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (Now Tuskegee University) in 1881 and the National Negro Business League two decades later. Washington advised Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. His infamous conflicts with Black leaders like W. E. B. Du Bois over segregation caused a stir, but today, he is remembered as the most influential African American speaker of his time. In his 1900 autobiography, Up From Slavery, Booker T. Washington wrote: "I had no schooling whatever while I was a slave, though I remember on several occasions I went as far as the schoolhouse door with one of my young mistresses to carry her books. The picture of several dozen boys and girls in a schoolroom engaged in study made a deep impression on me, and I had the feeling that to get into a schoolhouse and study in this way would be about the same as getting into paradise." Dr. John Henrik Clarke has a critique on Booker T. Washington, essentially stating that Booker T. Washington was a product of white philanthropy. In other words he was a chosen leader for black people. But what is notable is that Washington knew he was gonna get got, BUT more importantly he was going to, and got his more than he got got doe. This is the insidious nature of the situation Booker T. Washington was dealt with. If you have a moment listen to Dr. Clarke’s critique on Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech of 1895.

Black History 365 | # 156 Dr. Audrey Smedley

Audrey Smedley, one of the nation’s first African American women anthropologists, after completing her education in Detroit Public Schools, Audrey attended the University of Michigan on a scholarship. She intended to study law and dreamed of working for the United Nations. In 1954, Smedley earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in the history, letters, and law program and a Master of Arts in anthropology with a concentration in history in 1957 from the University of Michigan. From 1959 to 1961, she investigated the social and economic organization of the Birom ethnic group of Northern Nigeria to complete her dissertation in late 1966. Smedley is best known for her studies of the history of “race,” a concept that she argues emerged in the Americas to justify enslavement and genocide against Africans. She argued that folk culture popularized race while science gave it authority in her book Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview (1993). She is the co-founder of the Museum of Afro-American History in Detroit (now the Charles H. Wright Museum of African-American History). Much respect to the pioneering social anthropologist who peacefully passed away at her home in Beltsville, Maryland, on October 14, 2020, 16 days before her ninetieth birthday. Thank you for your contributions. Rest in peace.

Black History 365 | # 155 Matthew Henson

Matthew Henson was the first African American to reach and stand on one of earth’s farthest reaches – the North Pole. He traveled with Robert Peary’s expeditions to venture into the desolate lands of the Arctic. In 1909, Henson, Peary, and four Indigenous natives stood at the top of the world for the first time in recorded history. Together, they faced numerous dangers, harsh landscapes, and sub-zero temperatures. In Henson’s 1912 autobiography, A Negro Explorer at the North Pole (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1912), he tells us in his own words about his experiences and the challenges he overcame that led him to his monumental polar achievement. Within the book, he describes his “strongest doubts” and remembers his journey as one filled with “toil, fatigue, and exhaustion.” Nevertheless, his story is one of perseverance, grit, and determination.

Black History 365 | # 151 Sonya Massey

Rest in peace to Sonya Massey. Look at these stats. Then these stats.

Black History 365 | # 154 John Henrik Clarke

John Henrik Clarke is best known as the scholar who made Africana studies prominent in academia in the late 1960s. Arriving in Harlem at the age of 18 in 1933, Clarke developed as a writer and lecturer during the Great Depression years, becoming a part of the movement we now understand as the Harlem Renaissance. Clarke was co-founder of the Harlem Quarterly (1949–51), book review editor of the Negro History Bulletin (1948–52), associate editor of the magazine, Freedomways, and a feature writer for the Black-owned Pittsburgh Courier. Clarke taught at the New School for Social Research from 1956 to 1958. Traveling in West Africa in 1958–59, he met Kwame Nkrumah, whom he had mentored as a student in the US, and was offered a job working as a journalist for the Ghana Evening News. He also lectured at the University of Ghana and elsewhere in Africa, including in Nigeria at the University of Ibadan. His greatest period of influence resides in the 1960’s where he was a prominent intellectual during the Black Power Movement, advocating studies on the African-American experience and the place of Africans in world history. He challenged the views of academic historians and helped shift the way African history was studied and taught.